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Primula () is a of in the family . They include the primrose ( ), a familiar of banks and verges. Other common species are (auricula), (cowslip), and (oxlip). These species and many others are valued for their ornamental . They have been extensively cultivated and hybridised (in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years). Primula are to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in , , and , and in temperate southern . Almost half of the known species are from the .

Primula has over 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within its circumscription.

Description
Primula is a complex and varied genus, with a range of habitats from alpine slopes to boggy meadows. Plants bloom mostly during the spring, with flowers often appearing in spherical umbels on stout stems arising from basal rosettes of leaves; their flowers can be purple, yellow, red, pink, blue, or white. Some species show a white mealy bloom (farina) on various parts of the plant. Many species are adapted to .

Taxonomy
Primula was known at least as early as the mediaeval , although first formally described as a by in 1753, and later in 1754 in his Flora Anglica. Linnaeus described seven species of Primula. One of its earliest scientific treatments was that of study of in 1877 ( The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species). Since then, heterostyly (and homostyly) have remained important considerations in the taxonomic classification of Primula. Primula is a member of the Primulaceae family. The most complete treatment of the family, with nearly 1000 arranged into 22 genera, was by Pax and Knuth in 1905.

Phylogeny
Primula is the largest genus in the family , within which it is placed in the subfamily , being the nominative genus.

The position of Primula within the family and its relationship to other genera is shown in this :

Classification
The genus Dodecatheon originated from within Primula, its species are now included in Primula. UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Sections of genus Primula
The classification of the genus Primula has been investigated by botanists for over a century. As the genus is both large and diverse (with about 430–500 species), botanists have organized the species in various sub-generic groups. The most common is division into a series of thirty sections.
(1986). 9780881920260, Timber Press.
Some of these sections (e.g. Vernales, Auricula) contain many species; others contain only one.

  • Amethystina
  • Auricula
  • Bullatae
  • Candelabra
  • Capitatae
  • Carolinella
  • Cortusoides
  • Cuneifolia
  • Denticulata
  • Dryadifolia
  • Farinosae
  • Floribundae
  • Grandis
  • Malacoidea
  • Malvacea
  • Minutissimae
  • Muscaroides
  • Nivales
  • Obconica
  • Parryi
  • Petiolares
  • Pinnatae
  • Pycnoloba
  • Reinii
  • Rotundifolia
  • Sikkimensis
  • Sinenses
  • Soldanelloideae
  • Souliei
  • Vernales

Selected species
Species include: GRIN Species Records of Primula. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

Etymology
The word primula is the Latin feminine of primus, meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring.
(2025). 9781604691962, Timber Press. .

Distribution and habitat
Although there are over 400 species of Primula, about 75% are found in the eastern Himalayan mountain chain and western China (), constituting a centre of diversity. Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre (, European mountain ranges from the , through the to the Carpathian Mountains), mountains of East Asia and those of western North America. Primula is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America, Europe, and Asia, with extension into South America, Africa (mountains of Ethiopia) and tropical Asia (islands of Java and Sumatra). About 25 species occur in North America (represented in five sections).

Primula is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the forest belt, plain meadows, Alpine lawns, and and meadow .

Ecology
Primulas are used as a food plant by the .

Cultivation
Primula species have been extensively cultivated and hybridised, mainly derived from P. elatior, P. juliae, P. veris and P. vulgaris. Polyanthus ( Primula × polyantha) is one such group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as or and available as seeds or young plants.

Another huge range of cultivars, known as auriculas, are derived from crosses between P. auricula and P. hirsuta (among others). Specialist nurseries and auricula societies support the growing and showing of these choice strains.

AGM cultivars
The following hybrid varieties and have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-

  • 'Broadwell Milkmaid' (auri)
  • Charisma series (prim)
  • 'Clarence Elliott' (auri)
  • Crescendo Series (poly)
    • 'Crescendo Blue Shades'
    • 'Crescendo Bright Red'

    • 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades'
  • Danova Series (prim)

    • 'Danova Rose'
  • 'Francisca' (poly)
  • 'Guinevere' (poly)
  • Primula × loiseleurii 'Aire Mist' (auri)
  • Primula × pubescens (auri)

  • 'Tony' (auri)
  • 'Wanda' (prim)

Hybrids
  • Primula × kewensis= P. floribunda × P. verticillata (Kew primrose)
  • Primula × polyantha= P. veris × P. vulgaris (false oxlip, polyanthus primula)
  • Primula × pubescens= P. hirsuta × P. auricula

Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299247893_Evolution_and_conservation_of_Sinai's_primrose_Primula_boveana_an_endangered_pre-glacial_relict_species_growing_on_Sinai_Mountain_Egypt, Moustafa, Abdelraouf & Mauricio, R & Mansour, Hassan (2016).

Bibliography
  • , see also Species Plantarum

Species
  • , in Flora of China online vol. 15

External links
Https://www.mutagens.co.in/jgb/vol.09/12/091204.pdf, CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSE EXTINCTION FOR Primula boveana FROM ITS NATURAL HABITATS IN SOUTH SINAI, EGYPT.Moustafa, A., & Mansour, S. (2020) Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299247893_Evolution_and_conservation_of_Sinai's_primrose_Primula_boveana_an_endangered_pre-glacial_relict_species_growing_on_Sinai_Mountain_Egypt. Moustafa, A. A., Zaghloul, M.S., Mauricio, R., and Mansour, H. M. H. (2016). Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281438454_Characteristics_of_two_endemic_and_endangered_species_Primula_boveana_and_Kickxia_macilenta_growing_in_south_Sinai. Moustafa, A. A., Ramadan, A. A., Zaghloulol, M.S., & Helmy, M. A., (2001).

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